1/4" Maple Cabinet Grade Hardwood Plywood is Good 1 Side (G1S), grade A-4, and has a MDF Core. 1/4" maple plywood is rotary cut. 48.5" x 96.5" sheet size. Sold in 4 x 8 Sheets Only Other species of hardwood plywood are available by special order, please call 1-800-732-1697 for a price and lead time.
Maple syrup is produced from the sap of maple trees, which is collected from late winter through early spring. The collected sap is clear and only slightly sweet; to produce syrup and sugar, the sap must be concentrated through evaporation (boiling) or reverse osmosis.
4 maple
In 2017, maple syrup production was a $147 million industry in the United States, with 4.27 million gallons produced from approximately 13.3 million taps. In the United States, maple production primarily occurs in New England and the Midwest. Vermont, New York, and Maine are the top-producing states currently (4), while Michigan, Pennsylvania and other states have an even larger amount of potential maple resource that could be tapped (5). Due to the weather-dependent nature of sap flow, climate change is likely to have significant impacts on the maple industry. These impacts will be geographically dependent; some areas will see a loss in ability to produce any appreciable quantity of syrup, while other areas will see increases in sap flow and overall yield (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10).
Maple trees are a major component of northeastern mesic forests and provide multiple ecosystem services; maple syrup is an iconic and highly valued non-timber forest product with a particularly strong cultural presence in New England. Native Americans have a long history of producing maple sugar, a tradition which was adopted by early settlers. In recent years, the demand for maple products has been on the rise (5, 6, 11). The timber value for maple is also high; however, this use is not considered compatible with syrup production due to the damage caused by drilling tap holes into the trunk (6, 11), except for small niche markets for specialty lumber that are not well developed.
Sugar maple is a sensitive species and has experienced climate-related decline historically (7). The observed declines may occur for several reasons: insects, drought, or freeze-thaw events. It has been observed that even subtle disturbances will tend to favor the beech component within the maple-beech ecosystem (12). Maple is also susceptible to other ecosystem challenges including air pollution (e.g. acid rain, ozone) and invasive species (e.g. Asian Long-horned beetle) (11). Additionally, because maples are one of the first species to break bud in the spring, they are particularly vulnerable to damage from late frost events (7). Challenging conditions for syrup production may lead to low-yield years, negatively impacting producers and contributing to instability in supply to the market (10).
Under a high emissions scenario, sugar maple is projected to lose suitable habitat in southern and southwestern portions of its range, while maintaining habitat in northern and northeastern areas. However, sugar maple is a long-lived species, and a decline in suitable habitat does not necessarily mean an immediate decline in abundance of this species (6). The risk for this species is very geographically dependent (6, 7); future opportunities for expanded production may exist in the Great Lakes region (8), and sap production may also increase in northern Maine and parts of Ontario and Quebec. Under a high emissions scenario, the maximum sap flow region is projected to move 400km to the north by 2100 (3).
Warmer winter temperatures are likely to result in decreased snowpack in areas where it was once common. With snowpack missing, soil is more likely to freeze, leading to increased mortality and turnover in fine roots (14, 15). Increased soil frost depth and duration has also been shown to have detrimental effects on the aboveground growth in sugar maples, which may have negative implications for carbon storage in forests (16). One study demonstrated a 40% reduction in aboveground growth due to increased soil freezing, which resulted in an estimated 8.8% decrease in forest carbon storage, for forests that are adapted to snowpack conditions. Perhaps the longer growing seasons expected in the future could serve to mitigate these losses. Also, sugar maple exists in a broad geographic range, including areas which do not experience regular snowpack; perhaps trees will have the capacity to acclimate to changing snow conditions over time (14).
Syrup producers are also concerned about the impacts that extreme weather events, such as wind and ice storms, may have on the health of their sugarbushes (17). In adapting the maple industry to climate change, it will be important to utilize and promote adaptation strategies that can meet immediate as well as long term needs (11).
Although sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is the preferred species for syrup production, other Acer species, such as red maple, are also suitable to collect sap from, though the concentration of sugar is generally lower. This may be a useful adaptation strategy, as red maples are projected to maintain a wider range of suitable habitat into the future (6).
Shifting the sap season up, to take advantage of earlier freeze-thaw events, is another possibility for climate adaptation (6, 8, 13). However, this strategy is only viable up to a certain point; as climate change continues to progress into the next century, it will be impossible to continually move the sap season earlier, and syrup production will decline in many parts of its range. This will likely be true during this century for areas from central Pennsylvania and southward (18). However, some areas will likely see increases in maple syrup production, including parts of Maine, Canada (3), and the Great Lakes region (8). Maintaining maple in climate refugia is another possibility (7).
Some maple syrup producers are already beginning to think about climate change adaptation in their sugarbushes, with larger scale producers appearing more likely to be implementing adaptation strategies (8). Although many maple producers have an intention to engage in adaptation for their sugarbush (8), barriers to implementation remain a problem. Barriers may include a lack of access to information, a need for technical support (13), as well as the costs associated, the long lifespan of the trees, and a lack of research on the topic (11). A lack of belief in climate change or uncertainty of impacts on maple is also a limiting factor for some (11, 13). Adaptation actions that resonated with the most producers included implementing new technology and active tree management (8, 11).
Maple (Acer saccharum) sapwood color ranges from nearly white, to an off-white cream color, sometimes with a reddish or golden hue. The heartwood tends to be a darker reddish brown. Fairly easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a router. Turns, glues, and finishes well, though blotches can occur when staining, and a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner may be necessary to get an even color. Some common uses for hard maple include flooring (from basketball courts and dance floors to bowling alleys and residential), veneer, pulpwood, musical instruments, cutting boards, butcher blocks, workbenches, baseball bats, and other turned objects and specialty wood items.Features:Hard Maple can be up to 25 percent harder than Soft Maple
Straight grained
Turns, glues, and finishes well
Native to eastern North America
Specifications:Thickness: 4"
Width: 4"
Length: 8"
What's Included:(1) Hard Maple - 4" x 4" x 8" - Wood Turning Stock
Notes:Wood is a product of nature, and as such, no two pieces are alike to start with, the same wood growing in different locales can vary greatly even though it is the exact same species.
Due to the nature of wood movement, shrinkage and expansion are possible. Please measure each piece carefully before starting any project.
Cut from quality, kiln-dried stock. The grain runs with the longest dimension.
Thin Stock is sawn to +/- 1/8" of the listed size.
Carving and Turning Blocks are sawn to +/- 1/4" of the listed size.
Plywood sizes are nominal, the dimensions are +/- 1/8" of the listed size.
Larger blocks are sawn to +/- 1/4" of the listed size.
Smaller blocks are sawn to +/- 1/8" of the listed size.
Spindle stock, or stock that is 1-1/2" - 2" wide is sawn to +/-1/8" of the listed size.
Because maple syrup is liquid, use less other liquid in the recipe. Reduce the other liquid by 3 Tablespoons, for example if the recipe calls for 1/4 Cup milk, you would only use 1 Tablespoon when using maple syrup instead of sugar.
I would go for the maple sugar for Biscotti... it needs to be dry and the extra moisture from the honey or maple syrup might make it soft and longer cooking even at a lower temperature may result in too dark of a final product.
I do extensive steam bending for the custom furniture that I design and build. Maple is a very poor candidate for steam bending. The wood is highly prone to both compression failure (the crushing and collapsing/folding in of the fibers on the inside of the bend), and tension failure (the fibers on the outside of the bend are literally torn apart due to excessive stretching). This applies to straight grained hard maple - any figure in the wood will only compound the problems.
The spring back percentage you've chosen of 50% is far too aggressive. The maximum spring back amount for any wood species should be between 20% - 30%. Had the maple bend actually succeeded, it would be 20%+ over-bent.
It is not impossible to steam bend maple if the proper bending form and a compression strap is used. If you haven't used one, a compression strap is a long strip of galvanized or stainless steel that is cut to the width of the piece being bent, and bolted onto wooden handles/end-stops. The bending blank should fit snugly between the end stops prior to steaming. When the steamed wood is pulled from the box, it is immediately placed in the strap with the metal on the outside of the bend. The strap is then used to pull the end(s) of the bending blank around the form - creating a compressed tension on the outer fibers, preventing a tension failure. 2ff7e9595c
Comments